Prova così, ho usato background anzichè color ma sei libero di cambiarlo.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<script language="vbs">
function InsAttoODG(numeroriga)
If document.getElementById("checkbox" & numeroriga).checked = true then
document.getElementById("riga" & numeroriga).style.background = "red"
Else
document.getElementById("riga" & numeroriga).style.background = "white"
End If
end function

</script>
</head>
<body>
<table ID="Table1">
<tr id="riga1">
<td><INPUT type="checkbox" id="checkbox1" name="checkbox1" onclick="InsAttoODG(1)">Uno</td>
</tr>
<tr id="riga2">
<td><INPUT type="checkbox" id="checkbox2" name="checkbox2" onclick="InsAttoODG(2)">Due</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>